Papers

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SocArXiv papers

• A Workflow for Analyzing Cultural Schemas in Texts
  Concept class analysis (CoCA) is a method for recovering cultural schemas in texts using a combination of word embedding and community detection models. Like survey-based forms of schematic class analysis (SCA), however, interpreting results can be difficult. Some of these interpretive difficulties are applicable across types of SCA, while others are unique to CoCA. In this paper, we propose a complete workflow for interpreting and analyzing CoCA output. We use the case of social identity schemas in a collection of over 13,000 U.S. political blog posts to outline a number of interpretive and analytical strategies and a robustness check to make sense of the cultural schemas recovered from texts.
• More Education and Fewer Children? The Contribution of Educational Enrollment and Attainment to the Fertility Decline in Norway
  Period fertility has declined rapidly in Norway in the 2010s, reaching record lows. While there is a clear education-fertility dynamic, significant educational shifts have occurred and it's unclear how much this contributed to recent fertility declines. To disentangle this, we utilize high-quality Norwegian register data and model yearly transitions between educational enrolment, attainment and childbearing for men and women born in 1964-2002. Using a counterfactual approach, we explore the contribution of educational expansion versus lower fertility by education to the decline in period and cohort fertility. Forecasting is used to complete fertility for cohorts aged 30+. We found that educational expansion contributed partially to the observed cohort fertility decline (2.11-2.01) for 1964-1974 female cohorts but stagnated for younger cohorts and the predicted decline thereafter (1.76 by the 1988 cohort), and the 2010s period fertility decline, is fully driven by decreased fertility across educational levels. For men, educational expansion was slower and didn't contribute to the fertility decline. For both genders, the contribution of changed fertility behavior was strongest among the lower educated, particularly for predicted ultimate childlessness. Our results suggest that increased education isn't the main fertility barrier in contemporary Norway. Instead, socioeconomic resources increasingly promote childbearing for both genders.
• The Netflix Omnivore. The effect of streaming platforms on cultural diversity and inequalities
  Do digital technologies affect the breadth of cultural taste? Digital sociologists have warned of "filter bubbles," and of persisting digital inequalities; cultural sociologists have shown that cultural diversity is valued and serves as a marker of upper-middle-class status; but there are few empirical studies of the link between the two, and all are correlational. We estimate the effect of using streaming platforms on the diversity of cultural consumption using survey data from France(Pratiques culturelles 2018, n = 8692). We apply template matching to adjust for six sets of confounders, demographics, social position and origin, cultural participation during childhood, intensity of cultural consumption, the overall propensity towards diversity, and digital uses. We find a significant, positive effect of using streaming platforms on the diversity of cultural consumption, measured by the number of cultural genres declared to be consumed, across three domains, music, movies, and TV series, as well as on the propensity to watch movies and TV series in a foreign language. The magnitude of this effect is relatively low for music(.1 sd, .2 genres), intermediate for movies(.2 sd, .6 genres), but high for TV series (.46 sd, 1.2 genres). The study brings new evidence against the filter bubble thesis; it shows that platforms do reinforce cultural inequalities by increasing the gap in cultural diversity between the working classes and the elite; and it suggests that the effect of technology on cultural consumption might be mediated through its impact on cultural markets rather than changes in cultural experience.
• Terrorism and the employment of Middle Eastern men: a relational approach to event-based labor market effects
  Terrorist events reinforce stereotypes towards minority groups. However, empirical evidence on their labor market effects is mixed and inconclusive. Aiming to harmonize previous findings, we offer a new relational account to understanding event-based changes in ethnoracial disparities and argue that events (1) need to be understood as being embedded in a broader temporal context, which defines to what degree they evoke stereotypes about outgroup members, and (2) that stereotypes can lead to different degrees of discrimination, depending on inequality regimes of workplaces. We use Islamist terrorist events in the West and changes in the workforce composition within German workplaces as an example to test our theoretical presumptions. Applying a big-data approach, combining large linked employer-employee data (1999-2019) with archival newspaper data and the Global terrorism database, we show that periods of multiple Islamist terrorist events and high salience of the topic of Islamist terrorism decrease the employment of male employees with Middle Eastern origin, signaled through their names, within workplaces. The effects are mainly driven by smaller workplaces that do not implement organizational features restricting discriminatory behavior, such as formalized hiring processes or shop-floor worker representation.
• The Atlantic's Regulatory Rift: Analyzing the Divergent Paths of Competition Policy in the US and the EU With Regard to Big Tech
  Scholars from both sides of the Atlantic have noted a perceived divergence in the objectives and practice of competition policy in the US and the EU. This paper investigates the reasons behind such a divergence focusing on ideology, legal systems, lobbying, and foreign policy. The most compelling reasons behind the differences we see in competition policy across the US and the EU is due to the US' more laissez-fair approach to the economy and, as a byproduct, its legal system. With a particular emphasis placed on Big Tech, it is noted that differences in competition policy are exacerbated in this industry in large part due to the relative inefficacy of Big Tech to lobby the EU in comparison to their relative success in the US. This paper ends by discussing how foreign policy aims have recently begun to shape competition policy in both the US and the EU and the potential implications this could have going into the future.
• Bamboo in a Storm: The Russia-Ukraine War and Vietnam's Foreign Policy (2022 - 2024)
  This article examines how Vietnam has responded to the Russia-Ukraine war, how the war has impacted Vietnam's foreign policy, and why Hanoi has behaved the way it has. It is organized into three major sections. The first discusses the impact of the Ukraine war on Vietnam's strategic environment and grand strategy. It also outlines the broad contour of Vietnam's grand strategy and identifies major possible directions along which Hanoi may steer its course in the future. The second section examines Russia's unique role in Vietnam's strategic calculus and Russian soft power in Vietnam. It also discusses the pre-war developments that strengthened Russia's role and soft power, thus providing a larger context without which Vietnam's responses to the war cannot be fully understood. The third section documents Vietnam's domestic and foreign policy responses to the war. The article argues that although the Russia-Ukraine war has triggered diverse, even opposing, responses from Vietnam's ruling elite, it has not changed the general direction of Vietnam's foreign policy because it has not directly and fundamentally affected Vietnam's quest for security, resources, and identity. However, the war posed moral and strategic dilemmas for Hanoi, tore the web of geopolitical partnerships upon which Vietnam relied to secure its place in the world, and threatened to shake Russia's unique and critical role in Vietnam's foreign relations. Hanoi responded by reinforcing the current paradigm of its foreign policy, performing a delicate balancing act between the great powers, and deepening ties with the major powerhouses in its surrounding region. In the long term, however, the costs of this "bamboo diplomacy" may outweigh its benefits.
• Policy brief: Pilot Project for Latin-America, "School Gardens to Combat Childhood Obesity in Nuevo Leon, Mexico."
  The high rate of childhood obesity in Mexico, especially in Nuevo Leon, highlights the need for more effective measures. Although policies such as taxes on sugary beverages and front-of-package labeling of foods have been implemented, the results remain concerning. Other Latin American countries face similar challenges and have implemented various interventions but have yet to reverse the trend. A policy brief pilot project called "School Education Gardens" is proposed in Nuevo Leon, inspired by successful international experiences with school gardens. This project aims to promote healthy eating habits and environmental awareness among children through participation in agriculture and nutrition. Its implementation will require intersectoral collaboration and ongoing monitoring to assess its effectiveness. In summary, this project represents a promising strategy to address childhood obesity in Mexico and Latin America, prioritizing education, and community action.
• Policy brief: Implementation of the strategy of progressive reduction in the supply of unhealthy foods in the organizations included in the "Juegatela por la integral nutrition" program of the Bogota food bank contrasted with policies established in Latin American countries.
  The objective of this policy brief was to propose a comprehensive strategy together with the food bank of Bogota to reach the food services of the organizations enrolled in the program "Juegatela por la nutricion integral" to regulate the supply of unhealthy foods, replacing them with more nutritious and healthy options, this by controlling the delivery and distribution of healthy foods by the food bank. To meet this objective, we reviewed the current regulations in Colombia, compared with international policies in countries such as Peru, Chile, and Mexico; and made a detailed analysis of the beneficiary population through the current databases of the food bank of Bogota. In conclusion, a viable proposal was obtained, which will later be implemented throughout the national territory by regulating the sale of unhealthy food in school stores, to take this strategy to an international scale, since the implementation of this strategy would not only promote healthier eating among beneficiaries but would also lay the foundations for a culture of self-care and wellness.
• How Does Social Media Exacerbate Feelings of Inadequacy and Social Comparison Among Young Adults: A Literature Review
  This review examines how social media use can lead to feelings of inadequacy among young adults (17-27) in their romantic relationships. People tend to compare themselves to the seemingly perfect online lives of others, leading to lower self-esteem and depression. The review highlights gaps in research on how social media affects broader self-concept and downward comparison (comparing oneself to those worse off). Social media literacy education and platform-specific effects are suggested as areas for further study. Finally, the review emphasizes the importance of understanding cultural differences in how people experience social media.
• "Speaking like a White Person": Ideologies about Accent among Cameroonian Immigrants in Paris
  This article describes the personal experiences of Cameroonian immigrants in Paris about accent differences through an analysis of their ideologies on the act of whitiser. This neologism is defined by them as the act of "speaking like a white person" or, in other words, "speaking French without an accent". Many speakers define this practice as a form of accommodation, which consists in adapting one's way of speaking to French or non-Cameroonian interlocutors by imitating their accents, while a few speakers define it as the imitation of the French accent by a Cameroonian talking with another Cameroonian in Cameroon and associate highly negative values to the practice. Most of the times it is perceived as a form of assimilation, a denial of one's origins and as the expression of an inferiority complex inherited from colonization. Therefore, the speakers have ambivalent opinions about this practice, thus revealing a tension between their ambivalent desire to identify with the group of "White" or "French" people and their desire to emancipate from postcolonial power relations between the French and the Cameroonian people. They invest the category "White" with variable social meanings, depending on the interactional contexts.
• Can Americans' Trust in Local News Be Trusted? The Emergence, Sources and Implications of the Local News Trust Advantage
  Despite eroding consensus about credible political news sources, much of the public still trusts local media. We assess the emergence, sources and implications of the trust advantage local news holds over national media. We argue the public now uses a news outlet's local orientation as a shortcut to assess its credibility. In survey experiments, we find unfamiliar news outlets are trusted more when they have a local cue in their name. In surveys where people evaluate digital sources covering their community, this heuristic leads the public to trust unreliable information providers that signal a local focus more than high-quality sources that do not. Our findings position local media as unique, broadly trusted communicators while also illustrating a logic behind recent efforts to disseminate biased political information by packaging it as local news. More broadly, we show the challenges that arise when the public applies once-reliable heuristics in changing political circumstances.
• Field bottlenecks and skill development for conservation social scientists
  Over the last two decades, the field of biodiversity conservation has been reckoning with the historical lack of effective engagement with the social sciences. This has paralleled rapid declines in biodiversity alongside escalating concerns regarding socio-ecological justice, exacerbated by many common conservation practices. As a result, there is now wide recognition amongst scholars and practitioners of the importance of understanding and engaging human dimensions in conservation practice. Developing and applying theoretical and practical knowledge related to the social sciences, therefore, should be a priority for people working in biodiversity conservation. In this paper we report on the training needs for the next generation of conservation social science professionals. We discuss the key skill and knowledge bottlenecks in conservation social sciences, within the domains of research, policy, and practice, and at a global scale. We do this by analyzing survey responses provided by 119 professionals working in multiple conservation professional sectors. Based on their responses we identify the soft and technical skills that current conservation social scientists feel are most needed for the sector as a whole. The top three soft skills are Cultural awareness & ability to understand the values and perspectives of others, People management & conflict resolution, and Developing and maintaining inter/intra-organisational networks and working relationships. The top three technical skills are Behavior change expertise, Government and policy expertise, and General critical thinking & problem-solving skills. Overall, we also find that current conservation social scientists believe students and early career conservationists should prioritize soft skills rather than technical skills to be effective. These skills were also correlated with the skills considered hardest to train on the job, and there was some variation in the importance of soft and technical skills by institution and region.
• Female expertise in public discourses. Visibility of female compared to male scientific experts in German media coverage of eight science related issues
  A fair (public) representation of women is one of the most discussed questions of our time. The way in which media coverage (re)produces genders may affect individual and collective thinking and the assessment and perceptions of women in society. We analyse the representation of female scientists in German news media coverage about eight science-related risk issues and compare male and female experts regarding their relative scientific reputation, the number of references and the content of their statements. Our findings show that female scientific experts play a subordinate role in German media coverage and that they are underrepresented compared to the respective proportions in the relevant research areas. At the same time, our data relativize the extent of the gender visibility gap, as the differences - after controlling for hierarchical position and scientific reputation - become rather small. Further, we find no evidence of discrimination against female scientific experts through journalistic selection routines.
• Global Care Policy Index 2024 Country Report: Turkiye
  Turkiye attained an overall GCPI score of 5.27 (out of 10), placing it in the "Maturing" band of the Index. With a score of 5.12 in Sub-Index A, Turkiye does well in pregnancy and maternity leave coverage, and mother-friendly workplace policies, but needs improvement in its employment protections for working mothers and flexible work arrangements for workers with family responsibilities. Paternity leave and dependent care leave policies are also lacking. Domestic workers are covered by national labor laws under the Code of Obligations, but their coverage and protections are not as comprehensive as those of other workers. Given the significant gaps and deficiencies in fair employment processes, labor rights and protections for migrant domestic workers, Turkiye scored 5.43 in Sub-Index B.
• Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Healthcare: a review of technologies, ethical concerns, and regulatory issues
  Review of the artificial intelligence applications in healthcare and the issues concerning its governance and impact on individuals and society, also taking into account the problems of ethics, accountability, and regulation that arise.
• The Gaza Strip's Chronic Food Security Crisis: A Preexisting Problem Exacerbated by Recent Conflict
  The Gaza Strip (GS) is facing a severe food crisis, with a significant portion of the population facing famine conditions, which has aggravated during the ongoing Israel-Hamas war. However, the region's food security challenges are not new, but rather rooted in historical, political, and socioeconomic factors that have shaped the GS's vulnerability and resilience. In this article, we examine the complex causes and consequences of chronic food insecurity in the Palestinian territories, while comparing both regions: the West Bank (WB) and GS. The article draws upon recent reports by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), as well as other sources. We also discuss the urgency of action and the potential long-term solutions to address the food security crisis, focusing on the role of the Gazan government and the international community. We argue that global efforts should aim to encourage the Gazan government to invest in social equity, prioritising food security, health, and other vital aspects, while also supporting humanitarian relief and peace-building initiatives.
• How Can Data Science Contribute to Understanding the Khipu Code?
  In "How Can Spin, Ply, and Knot Direction Contribute to Understanding the Quipu Code?" (2005), mathematician Marcia Ascher referenced new data on 59 Andean khipus to assess the significance of their variable twists and knots. However, this aggregative, comparative impulse arose late in Ascher's khipu research; the mathematical relations she had identified among 200+ previously cataloged khipus were specified only at the level of individual specimens. This article pursues a new scale of analysis, generalizing the "Ascher relations" to recognize meaningful patterns in a 650-khipu corpus, the largest yet subjected to computational study. We find that Ascher formulae characterize at least 74% of khipus, which exhibit meaningful arrangements of internal sums. Top cords are shown to register a minority of sum relationships and are newly identified as markers of low-level, "working" khipus. We reunite two fragments of a broken khipu using arithmetic properties discovered between the strings. Finally, this analysis suggests a new khipu convention--the use of white pendant cords as boundary markers for clusters of sum cords. In their synthesis, exhaustive search, confirmatory study, mathematical rejoining, and hypothesis generation emerge as distinct contributions to khipu description, typology, and decipherment.
• Computational lexical analysis of Flamenco genres
  Flamenco, recognized by UNESCO as part of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, is a profound expression of cultural identity rooted in Andalusia, Spain. However, there is a lack of quantitative studies that help identify characteristic patterns in this long-lived music tradition. In this work, we present a computational analysis of Flamenco lyrics, employing natural language processing and machine learning to categorize over 2000 lyrics into their respective Flamenco genres, termed as \textit{palos}. Using a Multinomial Naive Bayes classifier, we find that lexical variation across styles enables to accurately identify distinct \textit{palos}. More importantly, from an automatic method of word usage, we obtain the semantic fields that characterize each style. Further, applying a metric that quantifies the inter-genre distance we perform a network analysis that sheds light on the relationship between Flamenco styles. Remarkably, our results suggest historical connections and \textit{palo} evolutions. Overall, our work illuminates the intricate relationships and cultural significance embedded within Flamenco lyrics, complementing previous qualitative discussions with quantitative analyses and sparking new discussions on the origin and development of traditional music genres.
• UNSUPERVISED SAMPLING ANALYSIS ON CONSUMER EXPOSURE TO FAST FASHION CONSUMPTION
  Today, fast fashion is experiencing rapid growth, which is increasingly pushing ethical shopping into the background. Even for consumers who have a strong awareness of sustainability, it is becoming increasingly difficult to translate their ethical principles into their shopping behavior due to the immense offer of fast fashion products. The aim of this study is to deepen the understanding of consumer exposure to fast fashion by synthesizing existing analytical methods with data on sustainability practices of fast fashion companies. We apply an online survey including items assigned to predefined factors, calculate sustainability performance of selected fast fashion companies and incorporate information into survey results. Finally, we group items per factor using cluster analysis and investigate strengths and directions of the relationships between factors and estimated clusters using descriptive analysis. The results indicate that respondents' shopping patterns along with respondents' opinions on the sustainability of selected fast fashion companies, has a discernible effect on their shopping behavior. A gap between consumers' attitude and behavior could be observed, however, the results also show tendencies in the desired direction, as consumers with a strong attitude towards sustainability have the largest share among consumers with strong sustainable shopping behavior. It can also be observed, that female respondents have a much more pronounced sustainable attitude, but that male respondents pay more attention to sustainability when buying fast fashion. Generation Y exhibits a stronger environmental attitude towards shopping as well as a more pronounced sustainable shopping behavior than Generation Z. A difference in shopping behavior between consumers from urban and non-urban areas could not be determined. This study is a next step towards understanding consumer exposure to fast fashion consumption and potential barriers that influence the gap between shopping attitudes and behavior by linking relevant attitudinal and behavioral information on the consumer side with the sustainability practices of fast fashion companies using sampling and unsupervised analytical methods.
• Smuggling critique into impact: Research design principles for critical and actionable migration research
  The article examines how academics can mobilize their epistemic resources to engage with justice claims able to challenge border violence. Many migration scholars would like to find ways to mobilize their knowledge to resist migrants' human rights violations. Despite increased focus on research impact, border violence is only increasing. On the one hand, policy makers do not act on scholarly recommendations that are highly critical, but not necessarily actionable. On the other hand, when scholarly recommendations are actionable, legal and policy changes do not necessarily result in meaningful improvements for refugees' and other migrants' dignity. As a result, there is a dichotomy between applied research that is not critical and critical research that is not actionable. Against this backdrop, this article explores how migration researchers can reclaim the meaning of impact and smuggle critique into the term. The article is based on auto-biographical explorations of what it means for an anthropologist to produce knowledge on migration from within law faculties and as policy officer and research consultant for human and refugee rights organizations. Based on this material, the article argues that migration scholars who seek justice should not produce more evidence, but rather take law seriously as a knowledge practice. The article develops three design principles for migration scholars who seek to resist in the short- and medium-term migration laws and policies that violate human right principles. First, build knowledge alliances with justice actors. Second, theorize knowledge needs in justice claims. Third, broker the validity of truth claims.
• An Eye Tracking Study of Gender Biased Information Acquisition in Candidate Evaluation
  Gender stereotypes often impact voters' candidate choices. But do gender stereo- types impact voters' attention when learning about the candidates? This paper explores whether citizens have gender biased information acquisition when learning about women and men candidates. In an experiment, I use eye tracking to measure respondents' attention to gender stereotype-consistent and inconsistent information. The results indicate that citizens do not differ in their attention to different candidate information according to candidate gender. Additionally, respondents' gender does not make a difference in their attention to masculine and feminine-stereotyped information for male and female candidates. These findings provide an important specification of the mechanism behind gender bias in candidate choices: the bias appears to be in the form of different standards of judgment for candidates of different genders, not in the form of different compositions of information that are judged for candidates of different genders.
• Being "resilient" and achieving "resilience": from governmental discourses to the national research agenda in the contexts of food insecurity and cost of living
  The concept of 'resilience' is pervasive, permeating academic disciplines and political discourses. This paper considers (i) the construal of 'resilience' in the contexts of food insecurity and cost-of-living in governmental discourses in the United Kingdom (UK); (ii) to what extent the political representations are reflected in research funding calls of UK national funding bodies, thus showing possibility of shaping research agendas; and (iii) to what extent official uses of 'resilience' reflect lay understandings. We are combining a corpus-based discourse analysis of UK governmental discourses and research funding calls with a study of focus group discussions. Representations of 'resilience' are further compared with those available in general English corpora. We are observing a shift in the use of 'resilience': from an individual psychological attribute to a primarily socioeconomic and environmental characteristic. Funding calls construe resilience in relation to communities, reflecting economy and environment adaptability, whereas governmental discourses frame references to individuals in terms of 'vulnerability'. Focus groups reveal divergent conceptions of 'resilience', which may lead to potential misunderstandings. While this variety of uses may be productive in political discourses for rhetorical purposes, there is a need for specificity in shaping research and in public-facing communications.
• Estimating Income Inequality in Rural Roman Egypt
  This study examines income inequality in rural Roman Egypt in 1st century AD on the basis of data from papyrological evidence for the village of Tebtunis. It identifies and collects data for three social classes - manual workers, priests, and village elites - to assemble a social table for the population of Tebtunis. To measure inequality using the Gini coefficient and the inequality extraction ratio (IER), the study proposes the use of a daily social table to better take account of daily wages for manual workers within the context of the ancient world. The collected evidence suggests that inequality and the degree of extraction of incomes by elites was likely relatively low, reflecting the rural setting and limited heterogeneity in incomes at the top, compared to urban settings and the Roman empire as a whole. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)
• Academic publishing business models: self-citations and the selectivity-reputation trade-off
  The growth in size of a scientific journal is constrained by a trade-off between selectivity and reputation. On the one hand, increasing a journal reputation increases the number of submissions, but high selectivity is often necessary to increase a journal reputation. On the other hand, lowering selectivity increases the number of published papers in the short term, but it also curbs the average quality, hampering the reputation of the journal, and reducing the number of submissions. Because of this trade-off, the growth rates of scientific journals tend to be moderate. However, in recent years some publishers based on the Article Processing Charge business model challenged this paradigm, by displaying staggering growth rates. In this paper, we explore whether self-citations helped journals from APC publishers to deceive the selectivity-reputation trade-off, serving as a mechanism to inflate the Journal Impact Factor. We investigate the citation flows of 8,360 journals from the 20 largest for-profit publishers included in the Journal Citation Report by Clarivate, over a period of 25 years (1997-2021). By means of a gravity model formulation predicting journal citation flows, we find compelling evidence of JIF inflation for the two largest APC publishers. First, their journals display extremely high self-citations rates specifically to articles that contribute to the calculation of the JIF. Second, in response to the fact that growth is generally conducive to decreased citation flows, which is in line with the selectivity-reputation-tradeoff, the intensity of self-citations for journals of these two publishers increases the greater their recent growth rate.
• Making the EU fit for the permacrisis. A foresight analysis on social, economic and governance resilience.
  The global pandemic of COVID-19 was a significant aspect of the permacrisis in which the European Union (EU) finds itself. Since 2008 and the global financial crisis, the EU has faced a series of crises that have often been interconnected, complex and unexpected. The results have repeatedly highlighted the structural nature of the problems that must be tackled. A post-pandemic EU has, therefore, to be envisioned in the perspective of current transformations and challenges, as well as through the lessons of previous and following crises, including, most importantly, the war of aggression of Russia against Ukraine. This foresight analysis investigates the EU's resilience capacities in three areas most impacted by the COVID-19 crisis: health and social, economy and governance. It reviews the EU's response to the pandemic, examines current and future challenges for the EU to address, and identifies ways to prepare the European institutions, policies and procedures to make the EU more resilient henceforth. It argues that the EU should develop a more holistic and foresight-oriented policymaking to better identify the linkages between the crises and transformations it faces, considering the necessary trade-offs between policies.
• Professional Identify Formation: History, Practice and Challenges
  This monograph explores the evolution of professional organizations, identities, and specialization, examining the historical trajectory, key drivers, challenges, and future implications of these interrelated processes. The work traces the shift from generalist occupational collectives to increasingly specialized professional identities and organizations, driven by factors such as the codification of knowledge, societal demands, technological advancements, and governmental interventions. It highlights strategies used by professions like medicine, law, and engineering to balance unity and specialization. The monograph also critically examines issues of professional ethics, social responsibility, and the need for greater diversity, equity, and inclusion in professional identity formation. Looking ahead, the work discusses how hyper-specialization presents both risks of fragmentation and opportunities for innovation, and calls for professional organizations to embrace interdisciplinary collaboration, public engagement, and a commitment to addressing complex global challenges. Ultimately, the monograph argues for a more expansive, socially responsive vision for the professions, and outlines educational and institutional reforms needed to support this evolution. The work represents an important synthesis of research on professional identity formation and specialization, and offers valuable insights for educators, organizational leaders, and professionals navigating the complex landscape of 21st century practice.
• From greedy grocers to carbon taxes and everything in between: what do we think we know about food prices in Canada and how strong is the evidence?
  In Canada, the task of explaining food prices falls to a handful of grey literature reports that shape media coverage and public understanding and carry significant political and policy influence. We performed an in-depth analysis of 51 of these influential reports, including 39 reports by Statistics Canada (including Consumer Price Index reports and other studies) and 12 reports from the Canada Food Price Report (CFPR) series. Our goal was twofold: 1) to identify and classify the various explanations given for food price changes, and 2) to evaluate the scientific rigor of these explanations. We identified 232 total explanations for food price changes, spread across seven thematic categories and 32 sub-categories. We find that most claims made in these reports are scientifically incomplete (only 28.6% of all claims meet established criteria for the completeness of scientific arguments). We also identify a lack of comprehensiveness in the areas of emphasis and the claims being presented and drivers being explored, particularly with respect to a issues presently at the centre of food price discourse in Canada, such as the agency of grocers and other supply chain actors, corporate growth imperatives, and climate change. Considering the importance of food prices and food security to prosperity and well-being in Canada, we conclude with a series of recommendations for strengthening the scientific rigor of these reports, including greater inclusion of supporting evidence, opportunities for peer review, and increased transparency regarding conflicts of interest and funding sources.
• Repairing Broken Windows and Broken Trust: Combating Disinformation and Extremism in Law Enforcement through Civics and National Service
  This review investigates the relationship between right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) in the context of extremist movements fueled by disinformation and the rise of authoritarian political support in the United States, with a particular focus on the implications for American law enforcement. The author proposes that comprehensive civics education, incorporating both civic literacy and service-learning as its pillars, could serve as an effective intervention in mitigating the development of RWA and SDO traits within law enforcement, ultimately reinforcing the rule of law, improving police-community relations, and strengthening public trust in government institutions. By examining the potential impact of such an education in reducing susceptibility to disinformation and support for extremist politics, this review highlights the importance of promoting democratic values and offers a foundation for potential policy frameworks to implement these interventions.
• AI Feedback Loops in Aotearoa New Zealand: A Human-centered Creative Problem-Solving Approach
  Artificial Intelligence (AI) can have unintended consequences in systems where they are deployed. Researchers have found that by increasing contextual understanding of AI feedback loops, cause and effect in systems, especially in high-risk applications like health, biosecurity, conservation, justice systems, and transport, AI tools can learn to improve over time and leverage wider neural networks. This paper fills the knowledge gap on how to consider varying competencies of human-AI teams to identify feedback in AI systems leveraging eight disciplines outside commerce and computer science. The study found that academic actors from more than one discipline tend to identify more relevant sources of feedback in AI systems, especially in high-risk applications. The paper recommends the integration of human lived experiences, knowledge generated from partial exposure of academic ideas to non-academic actors, and knowledge of decision making in the natural environment to reduce the incidence of misinformed human decision-making, especially in high-risk applications.
• TAXATION OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES IN AFRICAN COUNTRIES: ASSESSING REGULATORY APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES
  The taxation of cryptocurrencies, a growing phenomenon with rising adoption, presents complex issues for African countries. The struggle revolves around classifying these assets for taxation and grappling with definitional issues to ensure enforceability. The pressing problem is developing crypto asset tax regimes that support investment and usage without inhibiting innovation. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of regulatory approaches in Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa to illuminate the substantial policy challenges within the crypto market in Africa. It explores the varied classification of crypto assets, global approaches, and associated challenges. The report highlights inadequacies and recommends progressive taxation systems by contrasting these African nations' taxing policies to worldwide regulatory standards. Conclusively, it suggests adapting and harmonising tax rules across Africa.
• Educational expansions and fertility: Evidence from Norwegian college reforms
  Previous research has pointed to educational expansions and increased educational attainment among women as an important factor contributing to reductions in fertility levels and changes in family formation patterns in the second half of the 20th century. We investigate one potential mechanism that may have contributed to these developments - the establishment of local colleges providing access to higher education for broader segments of the population. We study the establishment of regional colleges in Norway 1973-83. Taking advantage of population-wide administrative register data, historical data sources, and recent developments in difference-in-differences methodology, we employ an event study design to assess the impact of local colleges on cohort fertility as well as age-specific fertility outcomes and the propensity to marry at lower ages. Our findings suggest that access to local colleges did not impact fertility or family formation to any substantial degree.
• Transforming High School Teachers via QC in Action
  This is an investigation conducted to assess the impact of a Quality Circle Program (QCP) on the professional development of higher secondary teachers. The program emphasized the development of problem-solving skills through engaging activities that encouraged critical thinking, clear communication, and collaboratives analysis of teaching learning challenges. The approach utilized a combination of reasoning methods and quality assurance techniques to tackle the concerns raised by the educators themselves.
• Socio-Epistemic Bubbles and Tacit Confidence in Randomized Clinical Trials
  The paradigm of scientific medicine is among the most influential epistemic shifts in the past century, wherein randomized clinical trials (RCTs) represent the impartial arbiter of legitimate medical knowledge, a view prevalent among quantitative social scientists. Nevertheless, not all RCTs agree, and systematic reviews are invoked to reconcile them. These assume the wisdom of crowds, which hinges on diverse perspectives and data, across the distribution of analyzed studies, but socio-epistemic bubbles across them may reduce realized diversity. We theorize how tacit knowledge, beliefs, and expectations accumulate within these 'socio-epistemic bubbles,' continuous regions of latent social density that may decrease diversity and increase certainty about healthcare studied by RCTs. To assess our theory, we analyze the Cochrane systematic review repository, covering 20,117 meta-analyses extracted from 1,962 reviews. We find that being closer within 'social space' inscribed by scientific collaboration markedly increases agreement regarding RCT effect direction and size. Our analysis suggests that this amplified certainty can drive premature convergence and path-dependency affecting medical practice and population health. Moreover, our findings imply hidden limitations associated with unmeasured social influence across the policy sciences through which conflicting claims perpetuate and highlight the necessity of accounting for them to improve collective certainty.
• ALMANACS IN THE SYSTEM OF VALUES OF FRENCH POWER IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XVIII CENTURY
  The article is devoted to the study of tools and mechanisms by means of which power institutions in the sources of everyday culture transmitted their ideas. French almanacs of the second half of the 18th century are involved as sources. The calendars, songs, anecdotes and documents contained in the almanacs and meeting the characteristic of political engagement were considered. The methodology used is proposed by Robert Darnton. For the first time the sources of everyday culture act as objects of study of information society and power discourse in France of the XVIII century. A comparative analysis of similar content moments in collections published in different years is carried out. The functionality used by the power to promote certain narratives in the almanacs is established. The article examines the transmission of the qualities of a true French citizen through calendars, songs and anecdotes, the introduction of the revolutionary calendar and the development of the system of saints in it, as well as the reception of political events by the compilers of almanacs. It is concluded that during the transition to the state of the modern type, the transformation of power in France was associated with the processes of de-Christianization and secularization of consciousness, the creation of the image of a "new citizen", the discrediting of royal power and the deconstruction of the figures of rulers.
• Little Republics: Authority and the Political Nature of the Firm
  Political theorists have recently sought to replace the liberal, contractual theory of the firm with a political view that models the authority relation of employee to firm, and its appropriate regulation, on that of subject to state. This view is liable to serious difficulties, however, given existing discontinuities between corporate and civil authority as to their coerciveness, entry and exit conditions, scope, legal standing, and efficiency constraints. I here inspect these, and argue that, albeit in some cases significant, such discontinuities fail to undermine the firm/state analogy, either because they are not significant enough to do so or because the particular trait on which they hinge is not decisive for how authority, in the state and in the firm, should be regulated to be legitimate. A pro tanto requirement exists, I thus argue, that corporate authority be held to regulatory norms comparable to those legitimate states abide by, including civil liberties, rule-of-law constraints, and accountability to subjects.
• Self-Employment and Independence
  Self-employment merits protection and promotion, we often hear, because it confers independence from a boss. But what, if anything, is wrong with having a boss? On one of the two views that this chapter inspects, being under the power of a boss is objectionable as such, no matter how suitably checked this power may be, for it undermines workers' agency. On a second view, which republican theorists favor, what is objectionable is subjection not to the power of bosses as such but to their arbitrary, uncontrolled power. The first view is unconvincing, this chapter argues, as it entails (implausibly) that being under the power of others in realms like the family or the state is likewise objectionable as such. And although the second view yields compelling reasons for self-employment, it only does so when employers' power is not suitably checked. When it is, such reasons are easily outweighed by competing considerations, like those stemming from the further forms of dependence--on suppliers and purchasers--that self-employment may prompt.
• Intergenerational Justice and Institutions for the Long Term
  Institutions to address short-termism in public policymaking and to more suitably discharge our duties toward future generations have elicited much recent normative research, which this chapter surveys. It focuses on two prominent institutions: insulating devices, which seek to mitigate short-termist electoral pressures by transferring authority away to independent bodies, and constraining devices, which seek to bind elected officials to intergenerationally fair rules from which deviation is costly. The chapter first discusses sufficientarian, egalitarian, and prioritarian theories of our duties toward future generations, and how an excessive focus on the short term in policymaking may hinder that such duties be suitably fulfilled. It then surveys constraining and insulating devices, and inspects their effectiveness to address the epistemic, motivational, and institutional drivers of political short-termism as well as their intra- and intergenerational legitimacy.
• The Demos of the Democratic Firm
  Despite growing interest in workplace democracy, the question whether nonworker stakeholders, like suppliers and local communities, warrant inclusion in the governance of democratic companies, as workers do, has been largely neglected. We inspect this question by leaning on the boundary problem in democratic theory. We first argue that the question of who warrants inclusion in democratic workplaces is best addressed by examining why workplace democracy is warranted in the first place, and offer a twofold normative benchmark--addressing objectionable corporate power and upholding efficiency--to assess the principles of democratic inclusion on offer. Against this benchmark, we next argue that the All-Affected Principle is unfit due to its over- and underinclusive extensional results, and that the All-Subjected Principle, whose variants we examine alongside their extensional results, holds more promise when coupled with independent considerations of justice or a constrained variant of the All-Affected Principle. These combinations need not entirely preclude, but speak against, nonworker stakeholder inclusion.
• Citizen Scholar Chapter 7: Activism and Active Citizenship
  For scholars who are worried that being too political in their public life will undermine their status or legitimacy as scholars, I want to urge a more open attitude toward an activist orientation, regardless of your political perspective, and help guide that choice. If we only have one identity across our various platforms and modes of communication then you can't separate them, can't leave your scholar identity behind. So the alternative to speaking out "as a scholar" is silence, which is not acceptable for a citizen. Meanwhile, a smaller contingent of academic scholars, including "scholar activists," sees its scholarship as activism. In the second section, then, I argue for maintaining a distinction between different forms of speech and communication, so that your active citizenship does not in fact compromise your scholarship.
• Explaining Gender-Specific Trends in Income Mobility: The Role of Education
  Rising income inequality has aroused widespread concern about potential decreases in intergenerational income mobility. Intriguingly, recent research reveals that income mobility remains stable among men while declining among women, but the reasons for these disparities are unclear. This study explores the role of education by asking whether gender-specific mobility trends can be explained by gender differences in changes in educational inequality and returns to education. Using Swedish register data for cohorts born between 1958 and 1979, the results confirm gender-specific trends: the intergenerational rank association between parental disposable income and child labor income has decreased and then stabilized for men while increasing steadily for women. Decomposition analyses of trends in income mobility indicate that, for men, decreased educational inequality was the primary factor driving increased income mobility, while returns to education were stable and had limited effects. For women, decreased educational inequality also increased mobility, but this was counteracted by rising direct income associations net of education across cohorts and growing educational returns among younger cohorts. In summary, through rising educational returns, education has increasingly driven women's income persistence but not men's. These findings suggest that examining gender-specific mobility trends in the context of increasing gender equality in society and the economy sheds new light on the role of education in mobility mechanisms.
• Publish or Perish: The Impact of ChatGPT on Future Academics
  The emergence of several free artificial intelligences capable of helping with writing tools without hiring research assistants has the potential to significantly benefit academics in meeting the performance requirements set by their institutions. Applications for writing such as Quillbot, Grammarly, and ChatGPT are among the current ones that help to improve one's language proficiency. Since these writing assistance and real-time grammar suggestions are still considered new and emerging, there is a need to outline a conceptual framework for a prospective study that draws upon relevant literature focused on exploring the potential of ChatGPT, a renowned artificial intelligence system. Concerns remain as to whether academicians have conducted thorough analyses of the effects of utilising ChatGPT in the production of research articles. Thus, this article presents an overview of the need to utilise ChatGPT and assesses its influence on producing quality scholarly writings by summarising recent journal papers, with a specific emphasis on ChatGPT academics, artificial intelligence, technology, ChatGPT, scholarly articles that has been refined to include a limited relevant article. The summary indicates that the application of ChatGPT reduces the language barrier or knowledge gaps among academicians. However, the excessive usage and dependence of the tool hamper the learning progress. This will lead to the incompetence of individuals in situations where technological glitches, system errors, or outdated information may occur. Future research recommends further extensive research on ChatGPT to be conducted on its actual utilisation within the academic community for a more thorough examination.
• Analyzing the Possibilities of Implementation of AI and Social Networks in Teaching Foreign Language Students: Ukrainian Universities Case Study
  The growing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and social networks into the educational landscape has raised questions about their impact on teaching and learning, particularly in foreign language instruction. This study explores the didactic properties of social networks and AI as information and communication technology (ICT) tools in the context of foreign language education at the university level. Through a comprehensive literature review, the researchers analyzed global studies on the integration of AI and social networks in language learning, as well as research specific to the Ukrainian higher education context. A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis was conducted to systematically evaluate the potential benefits and challenges associated with the implementation of these technologies in foreign language instruction. The findings indicate that using AI-driven language learning applications, and social media platforms can significantly enhance vocabulary retention, language proficiency, and student engagement. However, the study also highlights potential threats, such as risks to academic integrity, entrenchment of discrimination, and the democratization of plagiarism. The research further emphasizes the importance of addressing teachers' skills in navigating the ethical implications of AI integration in educational settings. The study provides valuable insights for university administrators, language instructors, and educational technology researchers. It underscores the need for a nuanced and informed approach to incorporating AI and social networks into foreign language curricula, balancing the pedagogical benefits with appropriate safeguards to ensure the quality and integrity of the educational process. The findings contribute to the evolving discourse on the role of emerging technologies in transforming higher education and language teaching.
• Evaluation of the Translation of Separable Phrasal Verbs Generated by ChatGPT
  Translation is one of the fields that have benefited from the significant growth that Natural Language Processing has witnessed. ChatGPT is one of the prominent products of such development promoted for its capability of producing human-like translation, among many other things. The main aim of this article is to explore the ability of ChatGPT to translate separable phrasal verbs, which can pose a real challenge to translators as one or more words separate their parts. Therefore, the significance of this paper stems from the pressing necessity to evaluate the utilization of such a tool to address such specific translation issues as it attempts to answer the question of to what extent ChatGPT can translate separable phrasal verbs clearly and accurately. This research paper has followed the qualitative method to analyze the accuracy and clarity of the translation of the separable phrasal verbs generated by ChatGPT. The findings revealed that ChatGPT can translate such phrases clearly, yet human intervention is needed to ensure an accurate delivery.
• The Impact of ChatGPT on the Development of Vocabulary Knowledge of Saudi EFL Students
  This research was piloted to systematically compare the impact of ChatGPT-generated exercises versus traditional exercises on Saudi EFL students' vocabulary size and the strength of word families. It aimed to answer the following questions: 1) To what extent does the integration of ChatGPT-generated exercises impact Saudi EFL students' vocabulary size of word families? 2) To what extent does the integration of ChatGPT-generated exercises impact Saudi EFL students' vocabulary size and strength of word families? This research holds significance because it provides educators with empirical results of the impact of ChatGPT's role and function on the second language vocabulary development process. Sixty male Saudi students at Jouf University were selected by stratified random sampling. The design of this research is experimental. Consequently, samples were randomly assigned to different experimental conditions and groups (i.e., control and treatment groups). Computer-Adaptive Test of Size and Strength, as developed by Laufer and Goldstein (2004), was administered to both groups at the beginning and end of their studies in the IELP course with an interval of four months. The collected results from all participants (N=60) from both groups and in both intervals (i.e., pre-test and post-test) were clearly and concisely imported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS. Multivariate Analysis of Variance was conducted. Results revealed that Saudi EFL students' vocabulary development improved significantly in both groups. However, participants in the experimental group who experienced ChatGPT-generated exercises notably surpassed that of the control group in terms of vocabulary size and strength of word families.
• Using ChatGPT as a Learning Tool: A Study of Ukrainian Students' Perceptions
  Artificial intelligence and generative AI in higher education emerge as transformative forces, profoundly impacting educational practices and methodologies. This paper explores students' experiences using ChatGPT for learning purposes and investigates their satisfaction levels with the support provided by this tool. For data collection, the authors developed a questionnaire, and a study was conducted among a random sample of 247 university students from Ukraine graduating in Business, Engineering, and IT. The findings confirm that students most commonly rely on ChatGPT when searching for information and working on language-related tasks, such as text editing and text improvements. The study contributes to a better understanding of AI tool integration in diverse academic disciplines, highlighting the importance of tailored strategies to meet distinct needs and expectations across various specialisms in higher education. Moreover, the findings suggest high satisfaction among students of all three specialisms with using ChatGPT for learning purposes, including working on tasks and assignments, and a positive attitude toward this tool in promoting the quality of learning. The results of this study may encourage administrators and educators at higher education institutions to incorporate good practices on using Generative AI tools into curricula and instructional practices, with relevant guidelines on the use of AI and a substantial focus on developing students' skills on how to use generative AI tools effectively for different purposes and in various academic and professional domains.
• Evaluating Translation Tools: Google Translate, Bing Translator, and Bing AI on Arabic Colloquialisms
  This study examines the advancements in AI-driven machine translation, specifically focusing on the accurate translation of Arabic colloquial expressions. It aims to assess the progress made by Large Language Models, such as Bing AI Chat, compared to traditional machine translation systems. By focusing on colloquial expressions, this research aims to shed light on the challenges and opportunities for improvement in machine translation systems, particularly when dealing with the complexities of translating informal Arabic utterances. Building upon At-tall's 2019 thesis, which compared Google Translate and human translators, the study employs the same Arabic sentences as a test dataset, allowing for a direct comparison between 2019 translations and those produced by current machine translation tools. The findings indicate limited improvement in Google Translate since 2019, with Bing Translator exhibiting a similar level of translation accuracy. In contrast, Bing AI Chat consistently outperformed the other systems, showcasing the potential of Large Language Model machine translation. Notably, Bing AI Chat provided interpretations and valuable comments on the tested Arabic phrases, demonstrating a deeper understanding of the intended meaning. This study contributes significantly to the field of machine translation by providing evidence of the potential of Large Language Model systems in producing more accurate Arabic-English translations. It emphasizes the advantage of Large Language Models in dealing with non-standard Arabic expressions, encouraging further exploration of Large Language Model-powered approaches in machine translation. The findings offer a promising pathway towards achieving more accurate and expressive translations across diverse languages and cultures.
• ChatGPT and Academic Writing Self-Efficacy: Unveiling Correlations and Technological Dependency among Postgraduate Students
  This study investigates the impact of ChatGPT usage on academic writing self-efficacy among 148 postgraduate students from Dhar EL Mahraz in Fez and Moulay Smail in Meknes, Morocco. It aims to illuminate the dynamics between ChatGPT usage and self-efficacy in academic writing. The study employed statistical analyses such as independent-sample t-tests and ordinal logistic regressions within a cross-sectional framework to explore the dynamics between ChatGPT use, reliance, and self-efficacy in scholarly writing. Results reveal that ChatGPT users reported higher self-efficacy scores (M=3.96, SD=0.61) compared to non-users (M=3.44, SD=1.38), suggesting the potential of ChatGPT in enhancing writing self-efficacy by providing continuous feedback and fostering a sense of accomplishment. Further analyses indicate that writing self-efficacy significantly predicts the duration of ChatGPT usage (Estimate = .692, p = .011), suggesting a positive correlation between self-efficacy and prolonged ChatGPT engagement. Furthermore, the frequency of ChatGPT use was found to predict reliance on the tool (b = .619, p < .001), underscoring a habituation effect. These findings contribute to the growing discourse on the role of AI in academic writing, emphasizing the benefits of ChatGPT in fostering writing self-efficacy while cautioning against over-reliance. Recommendations include longitudinal studies to assess the evolution of writing self-efficacy with continued ChatGPT use and broader research encompassing various AI tools and academic levels. This study sheds light on the advantages of AI in education and draws attention to the need for a balanced integration of technology in academic practices.
• Empowering Language Learners' Critical Thinking: Evaluating ChatGPT's Role in English Course Implementation
  This study investigates the influence of ChatGPT on critical thinking and English language learning within Ukrainian university English departments. Utilizing qualitative and quantitative methods, it involved 31 students and three language instructors in surveys and ChatGPT-assisted project-based activities. The significance of this study lies in its potential to guide the integration of AI tools in educational contexts, particularly in language learning. By examining the benefits and challenges of using ChatGPT, the study provides insights into how AI can support or hinder language learning and critical thinking. This is particularly relevant in the context of rapidly evolving educational technologies and the increasing use of AI in academic settings. In the spring semester of 2023, a research study was carried out involving students participating in a project-based activity using ChatGPT. The study comprised two main phases: initial survey, project completion, and evaluation. Quantitatively, it was found that 62% of students use ChatGPT weekly, underlining its role in their language studies. The results showed varied perspectives on its efficacy, especially in critical thinking, English skills development, and ethical considerations. Ethical and pedagogical issues were also significant, including concerns about the authenticity of AI responses, plagiarism risks, and AI dependency. Nevertheless, the potential advantages of ChatGPT, such as immediate language support and the promotion of learner independence, were acknowledged by students. The research concludes by recommending a careful integration of AI in language education.
• Harnessing AI Chatbots for EFL Essay Writing: A Paradigm Shift in Language Pedagogy
  In a time when digital technologies are changing educational paradigms, this study delves into integrating Artificial Intelligence chatbots in enhancing English as a foreign language essay writing, marking a significant shift in language pedagogy. With the backdrop of increasing reliance on technology in educational settings, the research foregrounds Artificial Intelligence chatbots' potential to revolutionise traditional teaching methodologies. This article aims to scrutinise the efficacy of these digital assistants in augmenting the essay-writing skills of English learners, underlining the importance of aligning technological advancements with educational needs. By investigating the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence chatbots into English as a foreign language curriculum, the study highlights their capacity to offer immediate, personalised feedback, fostering a learning environment that supports individual learners' needs and preferences. The central inquiry revolves around identifying and optimising the mechanisms through which Artificial Intelligence chatbots can contribute to developing writing proficiency among English students. Through a comprehensive review, the paper presents insights into the pedagogical benefits and challenges of using Artificial Intelligence chatbots, including their role in promoting learner autonomy, accommodating diverse learning styles, and providing a safe space for linguistic experimentation. The findings underscore the transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence chatbots in language education, advocating for a paradigmatic shift towards more interactive, responsive, and learner-centred teaching approaches. This review not only reaffirms the significance of integrating technology into language learning but also opens new avenues for enhancing the educational experiences of English learners.
• A Critical Discourse Analysis of ChatGPT's Role in Knowledge and Power Production
  Based on the significance and role of ChatGPT in the power and knowledge production, this research aims to display how ChatGPT responds to questions that are by nature controversial and debatable, as their values depend on the agency or power that answers them. The main question of this work is whether this artificial intellegince model is influenced by any discourse(s). The approaches employed in this work are Michel Foucault's discourse analysis and Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis. It is contended that discourses are ubiquitously everywhere in social practices. To Fairclough and Foucault, language production is strongly connected to power and knowledge production. Therefore, utilising a qualitative method in the examination, the work wishes to identify the discourse(s) that can affect ChatGPT's responses and discuss its implications for knowledge and power production. The research discovered that ChatGPT's answers unveiled a prejudice towards capitalist discourse, established knowledge, and suppressed alternative opinions. Also, the definitions of capitalism and communism by ChatGPT were insufficient because the political and ideological dimensions of capitalism were ignored, which can be considered major findings of this present work regarding the two selected systems. This indicates that ChatGPT's knowledge production, an example or model from the ongoing technological revolution, cannot be relied on for being biased in its responses.